The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
Volume 27, Issue 4 , Pages 372-379 , April 2008

Immunohistochemistry Staining of C4d to Diagnose Antibody-mediated Rejection in Cardiac Transplantation

  • Savitri E. Fedson, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Savitri E. Fedson, MD, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2016, Chicago, IL 60637. Telephone: 773-702-9396. Fax: 773-834-1764.
    • ,
  • Silver S. Daniel, MD
    • ,
  • Aliya N. Husain, MD

Received 19 September 2007 ,Revised 14 December 2007 ,Accepted 2 January 2008.

References 

  1. Subherwal S, et al. Incidence of acute cellular rejection and non-cellular rejection in cardiac transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2004;36:3171–3172
  2. Patel JK, Kobashigawa JA. Should we be doing routine biopsy after heart transplantation in a new era of anti-rejection?. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006;21:127–131
  3. Hammond ME, et al. Utility of histologic parameters in screening for antibody-mediated rejection of the cardiac allograft: a study of 3,170 biopsies. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24:2015–2021
  4. Michaels PJ, Fishbein MC, Colvin RB. Humoral rejection of human organ transplants. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2003;25:119–140
  5. Takemoto SK, et al. National conference to assess antibody-mediated rejection in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:1033–1041
  6. Michaels PJ, et al. Humoral rejection in cardiac transplantation: risk factors, hemodynamic consequences and relationship to transplant coronary artery disease. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003;22:58–69
  7. McCarthy JF, et al. Vascular rejection post heart transplantation is associated with positive flow cytometric cross-matching. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1998;14:197–200
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  9. Hammond EH, et al. Vascular rejection and its relationship to allograft coronary artery disease. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1992;11(suppl):S111–S119
  10. Reed EF, et al. Acute antibody-mediated rejection of cardiac transplants. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25:153–159
  11. Kfoury AG, et al. Impact of repetitive episodes of antibody-mediated or cellular rejection on cardiovascular mortality in cardiac transplant recipients: defining rejection patterns. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25:1277–1282
  12. Smith RN, et al. C4d deposition in cardiac allografts correlates with alloantibody. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24:1202–1210
  13. Baldwin WM, et al. Beyond C4d: other complement-related diagnostic approaches to antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:311–318
  14. Sacks SH, Chowdhury P, Zhou W. Role of the complement system in rejection. Curr Opin Immunol. 2003;15:487–492
  15. Minami K, et al. C4d deposition and clearance in cardiac transplants correlates with alloantibody levels and rejection in rats. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:923–932
  16. Rodriguez ER, et al. Antibody-mediated rejection in human cardiac allografts: evaluation of immunoglobulins and complement activation products C4d and C3d as markers. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:2778–2785
  17. Billingham ME, et al. A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart and lung rejection. J Heart Transplant. 1990;9:587–593
  18. Stewart S, et al. Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24:1710–1720
  19. Patel JK, et al. Asymptomatic humoral rejection after heart transplantation is associated with the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(suppl 2):379–380

PII: S1053-2498(08)00004-1

doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2008.01.003

The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
Volume 27, Issue 4 , Pages 372-379 , April 2008

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