The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
Volume 21, Issue 3 , Pages 297-310 , March 2002

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome 2001: an update of the diagnostic criteria

  • Marc Estenne, MD

      Affiliations

    • Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
    • ,
  • Janet R Maurer, MD

      Affiliations

    • Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
    • ,
  • Annette Boehler, MD

      Affiliations

    • University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
    • ,
  • James J Egan, MD

      Affiliations

    • Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
    • ,
  • Adaani Frost, MD

      Affiliations

    • Baylor College of Medicine and Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas USA
    • ,
  • Marshall Hertz, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
    • ,
  • George B Mallory Jr, MD

      Affiliations

    • Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
    • ,
  • Gregory I Snell, MD

      Affiliations

    • Alfred Hospital, Prahan, Australia
    • ,
  • Samuel Yousem, MD

      Affiliations

    • Presbyterian University Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.USA

Received 1 October 2001 ,Accepted 20 December 2001.

References 

  1. Burke CM, Theodore J, Dawkins KD, et al.  Post-transplant obliterative bronchiolitis and other late lung sequelae in human heart-lung transplantation. Chest. 1984;86:824–829
  2. Glanville AR, Baldwin JC, Burke CM, et al.  Obliterative bronchiolitis after heart-lung transplantation (apparent arrest by augmented immunosuppression). Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:300–304
  3. Cooper JD, Billingham M, Egan T, et al.  A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature for clinical staging of chronic dysfunction in lung allografts (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation). J Heart Lung Transplant. 1993;12:713–716
  4. Patterson GM, Wilson S, Whang JL, et al.  Physiologic definitions of obliterative bronchiolitis in heart-lung and double lung transplantation (a comparison of the forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second). J Heart Lung Transplant. 1996;15:175–181
  5. Estenne M, Van Muylem A, Knoop C, Antoine M. Detection of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation by indexes of ventilation distribution. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1047–1051
  6. Reynaud-Gaubert M, Thomas P, Badier M, Cau P, Giudicelli R, Fuentes P. Early detection of airway involvement in obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation (Functional and bronchoalveolar cell findings). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1924–1929
  7. Martinez JA, Paradis IL, Dauber JH, et al.  Spirometry values in stable lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:285–290
  8. Chacon RA, Corris PA, Dark JH, Gibson GJ. Tests of airway function in detecting and monitoring treatment of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:263–269
  9. American Thoracic Society . Standardization of spirometry (1994 update). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1995;152:1107–1136
  10. Sweet SC, Spray TL, Huddleston CB, et al.  Pediatric lung transplantation at St. Louis Children’s Hospital, 1990–1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:1027–1035
  11. Balfour Lynn IM, Martin I, Whitehead BF, et al.  Heart-lung transplantation for patients under 10 with cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 1997;76:38–40
  12. Madden BP, Hodson ME, Tsang V, et al.  Intermediate-term results of heart-lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis. Lancet. 1992;339:1583–1587
  13. Jones M, Castile R, Davis S, et al.  Forced expiratory flows and volumes in infants (Normative data and lung growth). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:353–359
  14. Jones MH, Davis SD, Kisling JA, Howard JM, Castile Tepper RS. Flow limitation in infants assessed by negative expiratory pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:713–717
  15. Cohen AH, Mallory GB, Ross K, et al.  Growth of lungs after transplantation in infants and in children younger than 3 years old. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1747–1751
  16. Keller CA, Cagle PT, Brown RW, Noon G, Frost AE. Bronchiolitis obliterans in recipients of single, double, and heart-lung transplantation. Chest. 1995;107:973–980
  17. Bando K, Paradis IL, Similo S, et al.  Obliterative bronchiolitis after lung and heart-lung transplantation (An analysis of risk factors and management). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;110:4–13
  18. Girgis RE, Tu I, Berry GJ, et al.  Risk factors for the development of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1996;15:1200–1208
  19. Heng D, Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wreghitt T, Wallwork J. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (incidence, natural history, prognosis, and risk factors). J Heart Lung Transplant. 1998;17:1255–1263
  20. Husain AN, Siddiqui MT, Holmes EW, et al.  Analysis of risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:829–833
  21. Sharples LD, Tamm M, McNeil K, Higenbottam TW, Stewart S, Wallwork J. Development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in recipients of heart-lung transplantation—early risk factors. Transplantation. 1996;61:560–566
  22. Kroshus TJ, Kshettry VR, Savik K, John R, Hertz MI, Bolman RM. Risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;114:195–202
  23. Kesten S, Maidenberg A, Winton T, Maurer J. Treatment of presumed and proven acute rejection following six months of lung transplant survival. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1321–1324
  24. Ross DJ, Marchevsky A, Kramer M, Kass RM. Refractoriness of airflow obstruction associated with isolated lymphocytic bronchiolitis/bronchitis in pulmonary allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1997;16:832–838
  25. Reichenspurner H, Girgis RE, Robbins RC, et al.  Stanford experience with obliterative bronchiolitis after lung and heart-lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62:1467–1472
  26. El-Gamel A, Sim E, Hasleton P, et al.  Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and obliterative bronchiolitis following pulmonary transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:828–837
  27. Schweizer RT, Rovelli M, Palmeri D, Vossler E, Hull D, Bartus S. Noncompliance in organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1990;49:374–377
  28. Chisholm MA, Vollenweider LJ, Mulloy LL, et al.  Renal transplant patient compliance with free immunosuppressive medications. Transplantation. 2000;70:1240–1244
  29. DeGeest S, Borgermans L, Gemoets H, et al.  Incidence, determinants and consequences of subclinical noncompliance with immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1995;59:340–347
  30. Raiz LR, Kilty KM, Henry ML, Ferguson RM. Medication compliance following renal transplantation. Transplantation. 1999;68:51–55
  31. Keenan RJ, Lega ME, Dummer JS, et al.  Cytomegalovirus serologic status and postoperative infection correlated with risk of developing chronic rejection after pulmonary transplantation. Transplantation. 1991;51:433–438
  32. Maurer JR. Lung transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans. In:  Epler GR editors. Diseases of the bronchioles. New York: Raven Press; 1994;p. 275–289
  33. Kshettry VR, Kroshus TJ, Savik K, Hertz MI, Bolman RM. Primary pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in lung allograft recipients. Chest. 1996;110:704–709
  34. Smith MA, Sundaresan S, Mohanakumar T, et al.  Effect of development of antibodies to HLA and cytomegalovirus mismatch on lung transplantation survival and development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116:812–820
  35. Ettinger NA, Bailey TC, Trulock EP, et al.  Cytomegalovirus infection and pneumonitis (Impact after isolated lung transplantation. Washington University Lung Transplant Group). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147:1017–1023
  36. Duncan SR, Grgurich WF, Iacono AT, et al.  A comparison of ganciclovir and acyclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:146–152
  37. Soghikian MV, Valentine VG, Berry GJ, Patel HR, Robbins RC, Theodore J. Impact of ganciclovir prophylaxis on heart-lung and lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1996;15:881–887
  38. Speich R, Thurnheer R, Gaspert A, Weder W, Boehler A. Efficacy and cost effectiveness of oral ganciclovir in the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after lung transplantation. Transplantation. 1999;67:315–320
  39. Hohlfeld J, Niedermeyer J, Hamm H, Schafer HJ, Wagner TO, Fabel H. Seasonal onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1996;15:888–894
  40. Hodges TN, Torres FP, Zamora MR. Treatment of respiratory syncytial viral and parainfluenza lower respiratory tract infections in lung transplant patients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2001;20:170
  41. Hosenpud JD, Bennett LE, Keck BM, Boucek MM, Novick RJ. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (seventeenth official report—2000). J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:909–931
  42. Duquesnoy R, Zeevi A. Immunological monitoring of lung transplant patients by bronchoalveolar analysis. Transplant Rev. 1992;6:218–230
  43. McSherry C, Jackson A, Hertz MI, Bolman RM, Savik K, Reinsmoen NL. Sequential measurement of peripheral blood allogeneic microchimerism levels and association with pulmonary function. Transplantation. 1996;62:1811–1818
  44. Pham SM, Rao AS, Zeevi A, et al.  Effects of donor bone marrow infusion in clinical lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:345–350
  45. Hutchinson IV, Pravica V, Perrey C, Sinnott C. Cytokine gene polymorphisms and relevance to forms of rejection. Transplant Proc. 1999;31:734–736
  46. Awad MR, El-Gamel A, Hasleton P, Turner DM, Sinnott P, Hutchinson J. Genotypic variation in the transforming growth factor beta 1 gene (association with transforming growth factor beta 1 production, fibrotic lung disease, and graft fibrosis after lung transplantation). Transplantation. 1998;66:1014–1020
  47. Jaramillo A, Smith MA, Phelan D, et al.  Development of ELISA-detected anti-HLA antibodies precedes the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and correlates with progressive decline in pulmonary function after lung transplantation. Transplantation. 1999;67:1155–1156
  48. Quantz MA, Bennett LE, Meyer DM, Novick RJ. Does human leukocyte antigen matching influence the outcome of lung transplantation? An analysis of 3,549 lung transplantations. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:473–479
  49. Reid KR, McKenzie FN, Menkis AH, et al.  Importance of chronic aspiration in recipients of heart-lung transplants. Lancet. 1990;336:206–208
  50. Kirk AJ, Colquhoun IW, Corris PA, Hilton CJ, Dark JH. Impaired gastrointestinal motility in pulmonary transplantation. Lancet. 1990;336:752
  51. Au J, Hawkins T, Venables C, et al.  Upper gastrointestinal dysmotility in heart-lung transplant recipients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55:94–97
  52. Rinaldi M, Martinelli L, Volpato G, et al.  Gastro-esophageal reflux as cause of obliterative bronchiolitis (a case report). Transplant Proc. 1995;27:2006–2007
  53. Scott JP, Higenbottam TW, Sharples L, et al.  Risk factors for obliterative bronchiolitis in heart-lung transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1991;51:813–817
  54. Norgaard MA, Andersen CB, Pettersson G. Does bronchial artery revascularization influence results concerning bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and/or obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1998;14:311–318
  55. Baudet EM, Dromer C, Dubrez J, et al.  Intermediate-term results after en bloc double-lung transplantation with bronchial arterial revascularization (Bordeaux Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Group). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;112:1292–1299
  56. Bando K, Paradis IL, Komatsu K, et al.  Analysis of time-dependent risks for infection, rejection, and death after pulmonary transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;109:49–57
  57. Yousem SA. Lymphocytic bronchitis/bronchiolitis in lung allograft recipients. Am J Surg Path. 1993;17:491–496
  58. Yousem SA, Duncan SR, Griffith BP. Interstitial and air space granulation tissue reactions in lung transplant recipients. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992;16:877–884
  59. Clelland C, Higenbottam T, Stewart S, et al.  BAL and TBB during acute rejection and infection in heart-lung transplant patients. Am Rev Resp Dis. 1993;147:1386–1392
  60. DiGiovine B, Lynch JP, Martinez , et al.  BAL neutrophilia is associated with obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation (role of IL-8). J Immunol. 1996;157:4194–4202
  61. Riise GC, Williams A, Kjellstrom C, Schersten H, Andersson BA, Kelly FJ. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients is associated with increased neutrophil activity and decreased antioxidant status in the lung. Eur Resp J. 1998;12:82–88
  62. Zheng L, Walters EH, Ward C, et al.  Airway neutrophilia in stable and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome patients following lung transplantation. Thorax. 2000;55:53–59
  63. Elssner A, Jaumann F, Dobman S, et al.  Elevated levels of IL-8 and TGF-B in BAL fluid from patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: proinflammatory role of bronchial epithelial cells. Transplantation. 2000;70:362–367
  64. Riise GC, Andersson BA, Kjellstrom C, et al.  Persistent high BAL fluid granulocyte activation marker levels as early indicators of bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplant. Eur Resp J. 1999;14:1123
  65. Henke JA, Golden JA, Yelin EH, Keith FA, Blanc PD. Persistent increases of BAL neutrophils as a predictor of mortality following lung transplant. Chest. 1999;115:403–409
  66. Gabbay E, Fisher AJ, Small T, Leonard AJ, Corris PA. Exhaled single-breath nitric oxide measurements are reproducible, repeatable and reflect levels of nitric oxide found in the lower airways. Eur Respir J. 1998;11:467–472
  67. Gabbay E, Walters EH, Orida B, et al.  In stable lung transplant recipients exhaled nitric oxide levels positively correlate with airway neutrophilia and bronchial epithelial iNOS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:2093–2099
  68. McDermott CD, Gavita SM, Shennib H, Giaid A. Immunohistochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase and the oxidant peroxynitrite in lung transplant recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis. Transplantation. 1997;64:270–274
  69. Gabbay E, Walters EH, Orsida B, et al.  Post-lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is characterized by increased exhaled nitric oxide levels and epithelial inducible nitric oxide synthase. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2000;162:2182–2187
  70. Fisher AJ, Gabbay E, Small T, Doig S, Dark JH, Corris PA. Cross sectional study of exhaled nitric oxide levels following lung transplantation. Thorax. 1998;53:454–458
  71. Verleden GM, Dupont L, Lamont J, et al.  Is there a role for measuring exhaled nitric oxide in lung transplant recipients with chronic rejection?. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1998;17:231–232
  72. Silkoff PE, Caramori M, Tremblay L, et al.  Exhaled nitric oxide in human lung transplantation (A noninvasive marker of acute rejection). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:1822–1828
  73. Morrish W, Herman S, Weisbrod GL, Chamberlain DW. Bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation (findings at chest radiography and high-resolution CT). Radiology. 1991;179:487–490
  74. Lentz D, Bergin CJ, Berry GJ, Stoehr C, Theodore J. Diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans in heart-lung transplantation patients (importance of bronchial dilatation on CT). Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159:463–467
  75. Loubeyre P, Revel D, Delignette A, et al.  Bronchiectasis detected with thin-section CT as a predictor of chronic lung allograft rejection. Radiology. 1995;194:213–216
  76. Ikonen T, Kiv L, Harjula ALJ, et al.  Value of high-resolution computed tomography in routine evaluation of lung transplantation recipients during development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1996;15:587–595
  77. Worthy SA, Park CS, Kim JS, Muller NL. Bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation (high-resolution CT findings in 15 patients). Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169:673–677
  78. Leung AN, Fisher K, Valentine V, et al.  Bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation (detection using expiratory HRCT). Chest. 1998;113:365–370
  79. Bankier AA, Van Muylem AV, Knoop C, Estenne M, Gevenois PA. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in heart-lung transplant recipients (Diagnosis with expiratory CT). Radiology. 2001;218:533–539
  80. Lee ES, Gotway MB, Reddy GP, Golden JA, Keith FM, Webb WR. Early bronchiolitis obliterans following lung transplantation (accuracy of expiratory thin-section CT for diagnosis). Radiology. 2000;216:472–477
  81. Higenbottam T, Jackson M, Rashdi T, Stewart S, Coutts C, Wallwork J. Lung rejection and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine and ultrasonically nebulized distilled water in heart-lung transplant subjects. Am Rev Resp Dis. 1989;140:52–57
  82. Glanville AR, Theodore J, Baldwin JC, Robin ED. Bronchial responsiveness after human heart-lung transplantation. Chest. 1990;97:1360–1366
  83. Maurer JR, McLean PA, Cooper JD, Chamberlain DW, Grossman RP, Zamel N. Airway hyperreactivity in subjects undergoing lung and heart-lung transplantation. Am Rev Resp Dis. 1989;139:1038–1041
  84. Banner NR, Heaton R, Hollingshead L, Guz A, Yacoub MH. Bronchial reactivity to methacholine after combined heart-lung transplantation. Thorax. 1988;43:955–959
  85. Glanville AR, Burke CM, Theodore J, et al.  Bronchial hyperresponsiveness after human cardiopulmonary transplantation. Clin Sci. 1987;73:299–303
  86. Herve P, Picard N, Le Roy Ladurie M, et al.  Lack of bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine and to isocapnic dry air hyperventilation in heart/lung and double lung transplant recipients with normal lung histology. Am Rev Resp Dis. 1992;145:1503–1505
  87. Glanville AR, Gabb G, Theodore J, Robin ED. Bronchial responsiveness to exercise after human cardiopulmonary transplantation. Chest. 1989;96:281–286
  88. Liakakos P, Snell GI, Ward C, et al.  Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in lung transplant recipients (lack of correlation with airway inflammation). Thorax. 1997;52:551–556
  89. Stanbrook MB, Kesten S. Bronchial hyperreactivity after lung transplantation predicts early bronchiolitis obliterans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:2034–2039
  90. Rajagopalan N, Maurer J, Kesten S. Bronchodilator response at low lung volumes predicts bronchiolitis obliterans in lung transplant recipients. Chest. 1996;109:405–407
  91. Ward C, Effros RM, Walters EH. Assessment of epithelial lining fluid dilution during bronchoalveolar lavage. Haslam PL, Baughman RP, eds. Report of the ERS taskforce: guidelines for measurement of acellular components and recommendations for standardization of bronchoalveolar lavage. Eur Respir Rev. 1999;9:66
  92. Van Muylem A, Melot C, Antoine M, Knoop C, Estenne M. Role of pulmonary function in the detection of allograft dysfunction after heart-lung transplantation. Thorax. 1997;52:643–647
  93. King MB, Jessurun J, Hertz MI. Recurrence of desquamative interstitial pneumonia after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:2003–2005
  94. Nine JS, Yousem SA, Paradis IL, Keenan R, Griffith BP. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (recurrence after lung transplantation). J Heart Lung Transplant. 1994;13:714–719
  95. Nunley DR, Hattler B, Keenan RJ, et al.  Lung transplantation for end-stage pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1999;16:93–100
  96. Walker S, Mikhail G, Banner N, et al.  Medium term results of lung transplantation for end-stage pulmonary sarcoidosis. Thorax. 1998;53:281–284
  97. Gabbay E, Dark JH, Ashcroft T, et al.  Recurrence of Langerhans’ cell granulomatosis following lung transplantation. Thorax. 1998;53:326–327
  98. Frost AE, Keller CA, Brown RW, et al.  Giant cell interstitial pneumonitis (Disease recurrence in the transplanted lung). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:1401–1404
  99. Baz MA, Kussin PS, Van Trigt P, Davis RD, Roggli VL, Tapson VF. Recurrence of diffuse panbronchiolitis after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:895–898
  100. Popple C, Higgins TL, McCarthy P, Baldyga A, Mehta A. Unilateral auto-PEEP in the recipient of a single-lung transplant. Chest. 1993;103:297–299
  101. Harwood RJ, Graham TR, Kendall SW, Oduro A, Wells FC, Wallwork J. Use of a double-lumen tracheostomy tube after single lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103:1224–1226
  102. Gavazzeni V, Iapichino G, Mascheroni D, et al.  Prolonged independent lung respiratory treatment after single lung transplantation for pulmonary emphysema. Chest. 1993;103:96–100
  103. Yonan NA, El-Gamel A, Egan J, Kakadellis J, Rahman A, Deiraniya AK. Single lung transplantation for emphysema (predictors of native lung hyperinflation). J Heart Lung Transplant. 1998;17:192–201
  104. Weill D, Torres F, Hodges TN, Olmos JJ, Zamora MR. Acute native lung hyperinflation is not associated with poor outcomes after single lung transplant for emphysema. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:1080–1087
  105. Loring SH, Leith DE, Connolly MJ, Ingenito EP, Mentzer SJ, Reilly JJ. Model of functional restriction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, transplantation, and lung reduction surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:821–828
  106. Cheriyan AF, Garrity ER, Pifarre R, Fahey PJ, Walsh JM. Reduced transplant lung volumes after single lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:851–853
  107. Estenne M, Cassart M, Poncelet P, Gevenois PA. Volume of graft and native lung after single-lung transplantation for emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;151:641–645
  108. Anderson MB, Kriett JM, Kapelanski DP, Perricone A, Smith CM, Jamieson SW. Volume reduction surgery in the native lung after single lung transplantation for emphysema. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1997;16:752–757
  109. Kroshus TJ, Bolmand RM, Kshettry VR. Unilateral volume reduction after single-lung transplantation for emphysema. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62:363–368
  110. Kapelanski DP, Anderson MA, Kriett JM, et al.  Volume reduction of the native lung after single-lung transplantation for emphysema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:898–899
  111. Le Pimpec-Barthes F, Debrosse D, Cuenod C-A, Gandjbakhch I, Riquet M. Late contralateral lobectomy after single-lung transplantation for emphysema. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:231–234
  112. Venuta F, DeGiacomo T, Rendina EA, et al.  Thoracoscopic volume reduction of the native lung after single lung transplantation for emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:292–293
  113. Moy ML, Loring SH, Ingenito EP, Mentzer SJ, Reilly JJ. Causes of allograft dysfunction after single lung transplantation for emphysema (extrinsic restriction versus intrinsic obstruction). J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:986–993
  114. Frost AE, Keller CA, Noon GP, Short HD, Cagle PT. Outcome of the native lung after single lung transplant. Chest. 1995;107:981–984
  115. Mal H, Brugiere O, Sleiman G, et al.  Morbidity and mortality related to the native lung after single lung transplantation for emphysema. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:220–223
  116. Speziali G, McDougall JC, Midthun DE, et al.  Native lung complications after single lung transplantation for emphysema. Transplant Int. 1997;10:113–115
  117. Venuta F, Boehler A, Rendina EA, et al.  Complications in the native lung after single lung transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;16:54–58
  118. Lazarus R, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. Effects of obesity and fat distribution on ventilatory function (the normative aging study). Chest. 1997;111:844–845
  119. Pantoja JG, Andrade FH, Stoki DS, Frost AE, Eschenbacher WL, Reid MB. Respiratory and limb muscle function in lung allograft recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1205–1211
  120. Snell GI, Esmore DS, Williams TJ. Cytolytic therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome complicating lung transplantation. Chest. 1996;109:874–878
  121. Dusmet M, Maurer J, Winton T, Kesten S. Methotrexate can halt the progression of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1996;15:948–954
  122. Ross DJ, Lewis MI, Kramer M, Vo A, Kass RM. FK 506 “rescue” immunosuppression for obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. Chest. 1997;112:1175–1179
  123. Kesten S, Chaparro C, Scavuzzo M, Gutierrez C. Tacrolimus as rescue therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1997;16:905–912
  124. Date H, Lynch JP, Sundaresan S, Patterson A, Trulock EP. The impact of cytolytic therapy on bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1998;17:869–875
  125. Verleden GM, Buyse B, Delcroix M, et al.  Cyclophosphamide rescue therapy for chronic rejection after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:1139–1142

PII: S1053-2498(02)00398-4

The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
Volume 21, Issue 3 , Pages 297-310 , March 2002

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution