The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
Volume 21, Issue 2 , Pages 189-203 , February 2002

ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure) Developed in Collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America1

References 

  1. O’Connell JB, Bristow M. Economic impact of heart failure in the United States (time for a different approach). J Heart Lung Transplant. 1993;13:S107–S112
  2. Haldeman GA, Croft JB, Giles WH, Rashidee A. Hospitalization of patients with heart failure (National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1985 to 1995). Am Heart J. 1999;137:352–360
  3. Kannel WB, Belanger AJ. Epidemiology of heart failure. Am Heart J. 1991;121:951–957
  4. Kannel WB. Epidemiology and prevention of cardiac failure (Framingham Study insights). Eur Heart J. 1987;8(Suppl F):23–26
  5. Massie BM, Shah NB. Evolving trends in the epidemiologic factors of heart failure (rationale for preventive strategies and comprehensive disease management). Am Heart J. 1997;133:703–712
  6. Williams JF, Bristow MR, Fowler MB, et al.  ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure (report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure)). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1376–1398
  7. Ryan TJ, Antman EM, Brooks NH, et al.  1999 update: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction (a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction)). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:890–911
  8. Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon AC, et al.  Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary (a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease)). Circulation. 1998;98:1949–1984
  9. Gheorghiade M, Bonow RO. Chronic heart failure in the United States (a manifestation of coronary artery disease). Circulation. 1998;97:282–289
  10. The Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association . Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels (Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis). 6th ed.. Boston, MA: Little Brown; 1964;
  11. Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al.  Plasma brain natriuretic peptide level as a biochemical marker of morbidity and mortality in patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction (comparison with plasma angiotensin II and endothelin-1). Eur Heart J. 1999;20:1799–1807
  12. Dao Q, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, et al.  Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in an urgent-care setting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:379–385
  13. Chati Z, Zannad F, Jeandel C, et al.  Physical deconditioning may be a mechanism for the skeletal muscle energy phosphate metabolism abnormalities in chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 1996;131:560–566
  14. Sinoway LI. Effect of conditioning and deconditioning stimuli on metabolically determined blood flow in humans and implications for congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:45E–48E
  15. McKelvie RS, Teo KK, McCartney N, Humen D, Montague T, Yusuf S. Effects of exercise training in patients with congestive heart failure (a critical review). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:789–796
  16. Mancini DM, Walter G, Reichek N, et al.  Contribution of skeletal muscle atrophy to exercise intolerance and altered muscle metabolism in heart failure. Circulation. 1992;85:1364–1373
  17. Rich MW, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, Leven CL, Freedland KE, Carney RM. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1190–1195
  18. Shah NB, Der E, Ruggerio C, Heidenreich PA, Massie BM. Prevention of hospitalizations for heart failure with an interactive home monitoring program. Am Heart J. 1998;135:373–378
  19. Fonarow GC, Stevenson LW, Walden JA, et al.  Impact of a comprehensive heart failure management program on hospital readmission and functional status of patients with advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:725–732
  20. Philbin EF. Comprehensive multidisciplinary programs for the management of patients with congestive heart failure. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14:130–135
  21. Packer M, Cohn JN, Abraham WT, et al.  Consensus recommendations for the management of chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:1A–38A
  22. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group . Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure (results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)). N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1429–1435
  23. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al.  Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1651–1658
  24. Hosenpud JD, Bennett LE, Keck BM, Boucek MM, Novick RJ. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: seventeenth official report (2000). J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:909–931
  25. Goldstein DJ, Oz MC, Rose EA. Implantable left ventricular assist devices. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1522–1533
  26. Rose EA, Moskowitz AJ, Packer M, et al.  The REMATCH trial: rationale, design, and end points (Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure). Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:723–730
  27. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I. Prognosis of congestive heart failure in elderly patients with normal versus abnormal left ventricular systolic function associated with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66:1257–1259
  28. Davie AP, Francis CM, Caruana L, Sutherland GR, McMurray JJ. The prevalence of left ventricular diastolic filling abnormalities in patients with suspected heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:981–984
  29. Dougherty AH, Naccarelli GV, Gray EL, Hicks CH, Goldstein RA. Congestive heart failure with normal systolic function. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54:778–782
  30. Iriarte M, Murga N, Sagastagoitia D, et al.  Congestive heart failure from left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:308–312
  31. Litwin SE, Grossman W. Diastolic dysfunction as a cause of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:49A–55A
  32. Brutsaert DL, Sys SU, Gillebert TC. Diastolic failure (pathophysiology and therapeutic implications). [published erratum appears in J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1272] J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:318–325
  33. Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure (an epidemiologic perspective). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1565–1574
  34. Kessler KM. Heart failure with normal systolic function (update of prevalence, differential diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy). Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:2109–2111
  35. The Digitalis Investigation Group . The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:525–533
  36. Aronow WS, Kronzon I. Effect of enalapril on congestive heart failure treated with diuretics in elderly patients with prior myocardial infarction and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:602–604
  37. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I. Effect of propranolol versus no propranolol on total mortality plus nonfatal myocardial infarction in older patients with prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular ejection fraction > or = 40% treated with diuretics plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:207–209
  38. Setaro JF, Zaret BL, Schulman DS, Black HR, Soufer R. Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66:981–986
  39. Warner JG, Metzger DC, Kitzman DW, Wesley DJ, Little WC. Losartan improves exercise tolerance in patients with diastolic dysfunction and a hypertensive response to exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1567–1572
  40. Doyle E, Hanks WC, MacDonald N. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. 2nd ed.. Oxford, UK: Oxford Medical; 1998;
  41. Lynn J, Harrold J. Handbook for Mortals (Guidance for People Facing Serious Illness). New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1999;
  42. AGS Ethics Committee . The care of dying patients (a position statement from the American Geriatrics Society). J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:577–578
  43. Konstam M, Dracup K, Baker D, et al.  Heart Failure: Evaluation and Care of Patients With Left-Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1994; Clinical Practice Guideline, No. 11, AHCPR publication No. 94-1612
  44. Philbin EF, Rocco TA, Lindenmuth NW, Ulrich K, Jenkins PL. Clinical outcomes in heart failure (report from a community hospital-based registry). Am J Med. 1999;107:549–555
  45. Stafford RS, Saglam D, Blumenthal D. National patterns of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use in congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2460–2464
  46. Krumholz HM, Wang Y, Parent EM, Mockalis J, Petrillo M, Radford MJ. Quality of care for elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2242–2247
  47. Rich MW. Heart failure disease management (a critical review). J Card Fail. 1999;5:64–75

PII: S1053-2498(01)00776-8

The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
Volume 21, Issue 2 , Pages 189-203 , February 2002